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Lu, Y., He, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Zhang, L., He, Y., et al. (2014). Differential Pro-Inflammatory Responses of Astrocytes and Microglia Involve STAT3 Activation in Response to 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Fields. PloS one, 9(9), e108318.
Abstract: Microglia and astrocytes play important role in maintaining the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS). Several CNS impacts have been postulated to be associated with radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields exposure. Given the important role of inflammation in neural physiopathologic processes, we investigated the pro-inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes and the involved mechanism in response to RF fields. Microglial N9 and astroglial C8-D1A cells were exposed to 1800 MHz RF for different time with or without pretreatment with STAT3 inhibitor. Microglia and astrocytes were activated by RF exposure indicated by up-regulated CD11b and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, RF exposure induced differential pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes and microglia, characterized by different expression and release profiles of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2, nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). Moreover, the RF exposure activated STAT3 in microglia but not in astrocytes. Furthermore, the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic ameliorated the RF-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia but not in astrocytes. Our results demonstrated that RF exposure differentially induced pro-inflammatory responses in microglia and astrocytes, which involved differential activation of STAT3 in microglia and astrocytes. Our data provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms of the reported CNS impacts associated with mobile phone use and present STAT3 as a promising target to protect humans against increasing RF exposure.
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Luo, F. -lan, Yang, N., He, C., Li, H. -li, Li, C., Chen, F., et al. (2014). Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields alters the calcium dynamics of cultured entorhinal cortex neurons. Environmental Research, 135, 236–246.
Keywords: Calcium channel; Calcium dynamics; Entorhinal cortex; Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields; extremely low frequency electromagnetic
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Ma, Q., Deng, P., Zhu, G., Liu, C., Zhang, L., Zhou, Z., et al. (2014). Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields affect transcript levels of neuronal differentiation-related genes in embryonic neural stem cells. PloS one, 9(3), e90041.
Abstract: Previous studies have reported that extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) can affect the processes of brain development, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. The proliferation and differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) is essential for brain development during the gestation period. To date, there is no report about the effects of ELF-EMF on eNSCs. In this paper, we studied the effects of ELF-EMF on the proliferation and differentiation of eNSCs. Primary cultured eNSCs were treated with 50 Hz ELF-EMF; various magnetic intensities and exposure times were applied. Our data showed that there was no significant change in cell proliferation, which was evaluated by cell viability (CCK-8 assay), DNA synthesis (Edu incorporation), average diameter of neurospheres, cell cycle distribution (flow cytometry) and transcript levels of cell cycle related genes (P53, P21 and GADD45 detected by real-time PCR). When eNSCs were induced to differentiation, real-time PCR results showed a down-regulation of Sox2 and up-regulation of Math1, Math3, Ngn1 and Tuj1 mRNA levels after 50 Hz ELF-EMF exposure (2 mT for 3 days), but the percentages of neurons (Tuj1 positive cells) and astrocytes (GFAP positive cells) were not altered when detected by immunofluorescence assay. Although cell proliferation and the percentages of neurons and astrocytes differentiated from eNSCs were not affected by 50 Hz ELF-EMF, the expression of genes regulating neuronal differentiation was altered. In conclusion, our results support that 50 Hz ELF-EMF induce molecular changes during eNSCs differentiation, which might be compensated by post-transcriptional mechanisms to support cellular homeostasis.
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Mahna, A., Firoozabadi, S. M. P., & Shankayi, Z. (2014). The effect of ELF magnetic field on tumor growth after electrochemotherapy. J Membr Biol, 247(1), 9–15.
Abstract: From a fundamental point of view, chemotherapy is the most widely used treatment for cancers despite its side effects on normal cells and tissues. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a method for increasing the permeability of cancer cells to drugs and, hence, decreasing their dosage. It apparently creates electropores on the cell membrane using electric pulses. ECT can decrease tumor volume; but this effect is not permanent, and partial regrowth has been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of magnetic fields in preventing the regrowth of tumors after ECT. Tumoral Balb/c mice were exposed to a magnetic field (15 mT, 50 Hz) for 12 days after treating additionally with 70 V/cm electric pulses and bleomycin at the first day. The magnetic field caused a significant reduction in tumor volumes, while there was no significant difference between the ECT and the electroporation with ECT and magnetic field groups. The exploited magnetic field (15 mT, 50 Hz) could decrease the tumor growth rate significantly, without any effect on ECT efficiency.
Keywords: Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage/toxicity; Bleomycin/administration & dosage/toxicity; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; *Electrochemotherapy; *Electromagnetic Fields; Mice; Neoplasms/*pathology/*therapy; Tumor Burden/drug effects/radiation effects
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Maluckov BS, T. Ä. ‡ V., Alagić S, Mladenović S, Pejković JT, Radović MK, Maluckov ÄŒA. (2014). Measurement of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Induction in Residential Buildings. Int. J. Environ. Res., 8(3), 583–590.
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