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Author |
Hareuveny, R.; Kandel, S.; Yitzhak, N.-M.; Kheifets, L.; Mezei, G. |
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Title |
Exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields in apartment buildings with indoor transformer stations in Israel |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol |
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Volume |
21 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
365-371 |
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Keywords |
Cities/epidemiology; *Electromagnetic Fields; Environmental Exposure/*analysis/statistics & numerical data; *Housing; Humans; Israel/epidemiology; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Monitoring/*methods; Risk Assessment/methods; Risk Factors; Exposure, Exposure measurement |
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Abstract |
To advance our understanding of an association between exposure to power frequency magnetic fields (MFs) and the risk of childhood leukemia, we should conduct a study that is convincingly free of selection and response bias, with highly accurate exposure assessment and a large number of highly exposed individuals. Previous measurements revealed that MF in apartments located above internal transformer stations (ITSs) are higher than in other apartments in the same building. An international epidemiologic study of childhood leukemia, TransExpo, was designed to take advantage of this scenario. This article presents the results of an exposure assessment study performed in apartment buildings with ITS in Israel. Measurements were performed in 41 apartments within 10 buildings. Average MF at the height of 0.5 m was 0.40 muT in apartments above the ITS and 0.06-0.12 muT in all other apartments. These results confirm that classification of MF exposure based on apartment location is feasible with remarkable specificity (0.98 and 0.96 for cutoff points of 0.2 and 0.4 muT, respectively) and sensitivity (1.00 for both cutoff points). Because the location of an apartment relative to the ITS can be easily determined, an exposure assessment can reliably be performed without obtaining access to residences. |
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Radiation Safety Division, Soreq NRC, Yavne, Israel. ronen@soreq.gov.il |
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English |
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1559-0631 |
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PMID:20407475 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Swiss TPH @ martin.roosli @ |
Serial |
197 |
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Author |
Infante-Rivard, C.; Deadman, J.E. |
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Title |
Maternal Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields During Pregnancy and Childhood Leukemia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Epidemiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Epidemiology |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
437-441 |
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Keywords |
Exposure; Exposure assessment |
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Abstract |
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is a target period for events that could induce childhood leukemia. There has been little attention to possible effects of maternal occupational exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) during pregnancy. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, case-control study of 491 incident cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children 0-9 years of age, matched on age and sex to 491 healthy controls. Cases were diagnosed in the Province of Quebec between 1980 and 1993. Mothers were interviewed to obtain detailed prenatal occupational history; individual exposure to ELF-MF was estimated based on a method we recently developed. We used 3 metrics for analyzing exposure: cumulative, average and maximum levels. Analyses were carried out among all study women and among working women only. RESULTS: Comparing the highest 10% of exposed mothers to the others, the risk of leukemia among offspring was moderately increased by using any metric, in all women and among working women only. The highest odds ratio of 2.5 (95% confidence interval = 1.2-5.0) was found for maximum exposure attained in an occupation (>/=0.4 microtesla). CONCLUSIONS: Our results are compatible with an increased risk of childhood leukemia among children whose mothers were exposed to the highest occupational levels of ELF-MF during pregnancy. |
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1044-3983 |
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Swiss TPH @ martin.roosli @ |
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198 |
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Author |
Jirik, V.; Pekarek, L.; Janout, V. |
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Title |
Assessment of Population Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields and Its Possible Childhood Health Risk in the Czech Republic |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Indoor and Built Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
Indoor and Built Environment |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
362-368 |
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Keywords |
Exposure measurement; Exposure |
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The purpose of this study was to estimate exposure of children to power frequency magnetic field and its possible variability in the main types of houses. Spot measurements with a number of additional measurements were used for exposure assessment. The objective was to find out how many children in the Czech Republic are exposed to low-frequency magnetic field above 0.4 mu T – level, hypothetically associated with the increased risk of childhood leukaemia. |
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1420-326X |
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Swiss TPH @ martin.roosli @ |
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199 |
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Kabuto, M.; Nitta, H.; Yamamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, N.; Akiba, S.; Honda, Y.; Hagihara, J.; Isaka, K.; Saito, T.; Ojima, T.; Nakamura, Y.; Mizoue, T.; Ito, S.; Eboshida, A.; Yamazaki, S.; Sokejima, S.; Kurokawa, Y.; Kubo, O. |
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Title |
Childhood leukemia and magnetic fields in Japan: A case-control study of childhood leukemia and residential power-frequency magnetic fields in Japan |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
International Journal of Cancer |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Cancer |
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Volume |
119 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
643-650 |
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Keywords |
Exposure; Exposure measurements |
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Abstract |
Residential power-frequency magnetic fields (MFs) were labeled as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer panel. In response to great public concern, the World Health Organization urged that further epidemiologic studies be conducted in high-exposure areas such as Japan. We conducted a population-based case-control study, which covered areas inhabited by 54% of Japanese children. We analyzed 312 case children (0-15 years old) newly diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) in 1999-2001 (2.3 years) and 603 controls matched for gender, age and residential area. Weekly mean MF level was determined for the child's bedroom. MF measurements in each set of a case and controls were carried out as closely in time as possible to control for seasonal variation. We evaluated the association using conditional logistic regression models. The odds ratios for children whose bedrooms had MF levels of 0.4 microT or higher compared with the reference category (MF levels below 0.1 microT) was 2.6 (95% CI=0.76-8.6) for AML+ALL and 4.7 (1.15-19.0) for ALL only. Controlling for some possible confounding factors did not alter the results appreciably. Even an analysis in which selection bias was maximized did not fully explain the association. Most of the leukemia cases in the highest exposure category had MF levels far above 0.4 microT. Our results provided additional evidence that high MF exposure was associated with a higher risk of childhood leukemia, particularly of ALL. |
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0020-7136 |
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Swiss TPH @ martin.roosli @ |
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200 |
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Author |
Kheifets, L.; Afifi, A.; Monroe, J.; Swanson, J. |
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Title |
Exploring exposure–response for magnetic fields and childhood leukemia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol |
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Volume |
21 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
625-633 |
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Keywords |
childhood leukemia; dose-response; emf; policy electromagnetic-fields; pooled analysis; exposure |
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Abstract |
For 30 years, there have been suggestions that extremely low frequency magnetic fields such as those are produced by electric power systems may be associated with elevated risks of childhood leukemia. These suggestions are driven by epidemiological evidence, and it has been common to characterize that evidence as showing a threshold effect, with no increase in risk below a threshold, often 0.3 or 0.4 mu T, and a constant risk above it. Such a threshold would, however, be biologically unlikely. We tested alternative dose-response relationships quantitatively. We obtained five exposure data sets, applied several candidate dose-response relationships to each one, and performed a regression analysis to see how well they fit each of the three epidemiological data sets. Threshold dose-response relationships performed only moderately. Linear relationships were generally even poorer. The fit was improved by adding quadratic terms or performing non-linear regression. There are limitations in our analysis, stemming from the available data, but addressing this issue in a data-based, quantitative manner should improve understanding, allow better calculations to be made of attributable numbers, and hence ultimately inform public policy making. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2011) 21, 625-633; doi: 10.1038/jes.2010.38; published online 7 July 2010 |
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1559-0631 |
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Swiss TPH @ martin.roosli @ |
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201 |
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