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Author |
Ahlbom, A.; Day, N.; Feychting, M.; Roman, E.; Skinner, J.; Dockerty, J.; Linet, M.; McBride, M.; Michaelis, J.; Olsen, J.H.; Tynes, T.; Verkasalo, P.K. |
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Title |
A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
British Journal of Cancer |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Cancer |
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Volume |
83 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
692-698 |
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Keywords |
Adolescent; Bias (Epidemiology); Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia/*etiology; Regression Analysis; Risk |
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Abstract |
Previous studies have suggested an association between exposure to 50-60 Hz magnetic fields (EMF) and childhood leukaemia. We conducted a pooled analysis based on individual records from nine studies, including the most recent ones. Studies with 24/48-hour magnetic field measurements or calculated magnetic fields were included. We specified which data analyses we planned to do and how to do them before we commenced the work. The use of individual records allowed us to use the same exposure definitions, and the large numbers of subjects enabled more precise estimation of risks at high exposure levels. For the 3203 children with leukaemia and 10 338 control children with estimated residential magnetic field exposures levels < 0.4 microT, we observed risk estimates near the no effect level, while for the 44 children with leukaemia and 62 control children with estimated residential magnetic field exposures >/= 0.4 microT the estimated summary relative risk was 2.00 (1.27-3.13), P value = 0.002). Adjustment for potential confounding variables did not appreciably change the results. For North American subjects whose residences were in the highest wire code category, the estimated summary relative risk was 1.24 (0.82-1.87). Thus, we found no evidence in the combined data for the existence of the so-called wire-code paradox. In summary, the 99.2% of children residing in homes with exposure levels < 0.4 microT had estimates compatible with no increased risk, while the 0.8% of children with exposures >/= 0.4 microT had a relative risk estimate of approximately 2, which is unlikely to be due to random variability. The explanation for the elevated risk is unknown, but selection bias may have accounted for some of the increase. |
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Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden |
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ISSN |
0007-0920 |
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WP2 Exposure measurements & WP9 Epidemiology |
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Notes |
PMID:10944614 |
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CBM.UAM @ ccobaleda @ |
Serial |
55 |
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Author |
Greenland, S.; Sheppard, A.R.; Kaune, W.T.; Poole, C.; Kelsh, M.A. |
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Title |
A pooled analysis of magnetic fields, wire codes, and childhood leukemia. Childhood Leukemia-EMF Study Group |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Epidemiology |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
624-634 |
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Keywords |
Child; *Electric Wiring; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects; Humans; Leukemia/*etiology |
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Abstract |
We obtained original individual data from 15 studies of magnetic fields or wire codes and childhood leukemia, and we estimated magnetic field exposure for subjects with sufficient data to do so. Summary estimates from 12 studies that supplied magnetic field measures exhibited little or no association of magnetic fields with leukemia when comparing 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 microtesla (microT) categories with the 0-0.1 microT category, but the Mantel-Haenszel summary odds ratio comparing >0.3 microT to 0-0.1 microT was 1.7 (95% confidence limits = 1.2, 2.3). Similar results were obtained using covariate adjustment and spline regression. The study-specific relations appeared consistent despite the numerous methodologic differences among the studies. The association of wire codes with leukemia varied considerably across studies, with odds ratio estimates for very high current vs low current configurations ranging from 0.7 to 3.0 (homogeneity P = 0.005). Based on a survey of household magnetic fields, an estimate of the U.S. population attributable fraction of childhood leukemia associated with residential exposure is 3% (95% confidence limits = -2%, 8%). Our results contradict the idea that the magnetic field association with leukemia is less consistent than the wire code association with leukemia, although analysis of the four studies with both measures indicates that the wire code association is not explained by measured fields. The results also suggest that appreciable magnetic field effects, if any, may be concentrated among relatively high and uncommon exposures, and that studies of highly exposed populations would be needed to clarify the relation of magnetic fields to childhood leukemia. |
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Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA |
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ISSN |
1044-3983 |
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WP2 Exposure measurements & WP9 Epidemiology |
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Notes |
PMID:11055621 |
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CBM.UAM @ ccobaleda @ |
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56 |
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Author |
Greenland, S. |
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Title |
Multiple-bias modelling for analysis of observational data (with discussion) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Royal Statistical Soc A |
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168 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
267-306 |
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Abstract |
Conventional analytic results do not reflect any source of uncertainty other than random error, and as a result readers must rely on informal judgments regarding the effect of possible biases. When standard errors are small these judgments often fail to capture sources of uncertainty and their interactions adequately. Multiple-bias models provide alternatives that allow one systematically to integrate major sources of uncertainty, and thus to provide better input to research planning and policy analysis. Typically, the bias parameters in the model are not identified by the analysis data and so the results depend completely on priors for those parameters. A Bayesian analysis is then natural, but several alternatives based on sensitivity analysis have appeared in the risk assessment and epidemiologic literature. Under some circumstances these methods approximate a Bayesian analysis and can be modified to do so even better. These points are illustrated with a pooled analysis of case–control studies of residential magnetic field exposure and childhood leukaemia, which highlights the diminishing value of conventional studies conducted after the early 1990s. It is argued that multiple-bias modelling should become part of the core training of anyone who will be entrusted with the analysis of observational data, and should become standard procedure when random error is not the only important source of uncertainty (as in meta-analysis and pooled analysis). |
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ISSN |
0964-1998 |
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WP2 Exposure measurements |
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CBM.UAM @ ccobaleda @ |
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57 |
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Kheifets, L.; Ahlbom, A.; Crespi, C.M.; Draper, G.; Hagihara, J.; Lowenthal, R.M.; Mezei, G.; Oksuzyan, S.; Schuz, J.; Swanson, J.; Tittarelli, A.; Vinceti, M.; Wunsch Filho, V. |
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Title |
Pooled analysis of recent studies on magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
British Journal of Cancer |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Cancer |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1128-1135 |
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Keywords |
Child; Child, Preschool; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/*epidemiology; Male; Risk |
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BACKGROUND: Previous pooled analyses have reported an association between magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia. We present a pooled analysis based on primary data from studies on residential magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia published after 2000. METHODS: Seven studies with a total of 10,865 cases and 12,853 controls were included. The main analysis focused on 24-h magnetic field measurements or calculated fields in residences. RESULTS: In the combined results, risk increased with increase in exposure, but the estimates were imprecise. The odds ratios for exposure categories of 0.1-0.2 muT, 0.2-0.3 muT and >/=0.3 muT, compared with <0.1 muT, were 1.07 (95% CI 0.81-1.41), 1.16 (0.69-1.93) and 1.44 (0.88-2.36), respectively. Without the most influential study from Brazil, the odds ratios increased somewhat. An increasing trend was also suggested by a nonparametric analysis conducted using a generalised additive model. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in line with previous pooled analyses showing an association between magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia. Overall, the association is weaker in the most recently conducted studies, but these studies are small and lack methodological improvements needed to resolve the apparent association. We conclude that recent studies on magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia do not alter the previous assessment that magnetic fields are possibly carcinogenic. |
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Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, 650 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. kheifets@ucla.edu |
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ISSN |
0007-0920 |
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WP2 Exposure measurements & WP9 Epidemiology |
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Notes |
PMID:20877339 |
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CBM.UAM @ ccobaleda @ |
Serial |
58 |
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Maslanyj, M.P.; Mee, T.J.; Renew, D.C.; Simpson, J.; Ansell, P.; Allen, S.G.; Roman, E. |
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Title |
Investigation of the sources of residential power frequency magnetic field exposure in the UK Childhood Cancer Study |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Radiological Protection : Official Journal of the Society for Radiological Protection |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Radiol Prot |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
41-58 |
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Keywords |
Child; Electric Power Supplies; Electric Wiring; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects; Housing; Humans; Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/*etiology; Magnetics/adverse effects; Public Health |
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There is an unexplained association between exposure to the magnetic fields arising from the supply and use of electricity, and increase in risk of childhood leukaemia. The UK Childhood Cancer Study (UKCCS) provides a large and unique source of information on residential magnetic field exposure in the UK. The purpose of this supplementary study was to investigate a sample of UKCCS homes in order to identify the particular sources that contribute to elevated time-averaged exposure. In all, 196 homes have been investigated, 102 with exposures estimated on the basis of the original study to be above 0.2 microT, and 21 higher than 0.4 microT, a threshold above which a raised risk has been observed. First, surveys were carried out outside the property boundaries of all 196 study homes, and then, where informed consent had been obtained, assessments were conducted inside the properties of 19 homes. The study found that low-voltage (LV) sources associated with the final electricity supply accounted together for 77% of exposures above 0.2 microT, and 57% of those above 0.4 microT. Most of these exposures were linked to net currents in circuits inside and/or around the home. High-voltage (HV) sources, including the HV overhead power lines that are the focus of public concern, accounted for 23% of the exposures above 0.2 microT, and 43% of those above 0.4 microT. Public health interest has focused on the consideration of precautionary measures that would reduce exposure to power frequency magnetic fields. Our study provides a basis for considering the options for exposure mitigation in the UK. For instance, in elevated-exposure homes where net currents are higher than usual, if it is possible to reduce the net currents, then the exposure could be reduced for a sizeable proportion of these homes. Further investigations would be necessary to determine whether this is feasible. |
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Health Protection Agency, Radiation Protection Division, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, UK. myron.maslanyj@hpa-rp.org.uk |
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0952-4746 |
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WP2 Exposure measurements |
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PMID:17341803 |
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CBM.UAM @ ccobaleda @ |
Serial |
59 |
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