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Sun, C.; Yu, H.; Wang, X.; Han, J. |
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Title  |
A pilot study of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Effects on survival and palliation of general symptoms |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Oncology Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oncol Lett |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1130-1134 |
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Abstract |
The inhibitory effects of magnetic fields (MFs) on tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo have been reported in previous studies. However, the effects of MFs in the treatment of cancer have not been described in clinical trials. We investigated the effects of 420 r/min, 0.4-T extremely low-frequency MFs (ELF-MFs) on the survival and palliation of general symptoms in 13 advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Toxicity and side-effects were assessed according to WHO criteria. The treatment area included the primary tumor site, metastatic sites and metastatic lymph nodes. Additionally, the patients were treated 2 h per day, 5 days per week for 6-10 weeks. The changes in general symptoms were analyzed during ELF-MF treatment and 2 weeks after the completion of therapy. Results of physical examination, routine analysis of blood, ECG and liver function, biochemical and kidney function tests were evaluated before and following treatment. All 13 patients were followed up by outpatient service or telephone interview. Our results demonstrated that decreased pleural effusion, remission of shortness of breath, relief of cancer pain, increased appetite, improved physical strength, regular bowel movement and better sleep quality was detected in 2 (15.4%), 5 (38.5%), 5 (38.5%), 6 (46.2%), 9 (69.2%), 1 (7.7%) and 2 (15.4%) patients, respectively. However, the palliation of symptoms in 2 (15.4%) patients was observed during therapy and disappeared at treatment termination. No severe toxicity or side-effects were detected in our trial. The median survival was 6.0 months (95% CI, 1.0-11.0). The 1- and 2-year survival rates were 31.7 and 15.9%, respectively. This study is the first to describe survival and palliation of general symptoms in advanced NSCLC patients treated with ELF-MFs. As an effective, well-tolerated and safe treatment choice, ELF-MFs may prolong survival and improve general symptoms of advanced NSCLC patients. However, this treatment strategy requires further research. |
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Department of Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong 250021, P.R. China |
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ISSN |
1792-1074 |
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Notes |
PMID:23162666 |
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no |
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Call Number |
IT'IS @ evaj @ |
Serial |
413 |
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Author |
Ahlbom, A.; Day, N.; Feychting, M.; Roman, E.; Skinner, J.; Dockerty, J.; Linet, M.; McBride, M.; Michaelis, J.; Olsen, J.H.; Tynes, T.; Verkasalo, P.K. |
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Title |
A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
British Journal of Cancer |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Cancer |
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Volume |
83 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
692-698 |
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Keywords |
Adolescent; Bias (Epidemiology); Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia/*etiology; Regression Analysis; Risk |
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Abstract |
Previous studies have suggested an association between exposure to 50-60 Hz magnetic fields (EMF) and childhood leukaemia. We conducted a pooled analysis based on individual records from nine studies, including the most recent ones. Studies with 24/48-hour magnetic field measurements or calculated magnetic fields were included. We specified which data analyses we planned to do and how to do them before we commenced the work. The use of individual records allowed us to use the same exposure definitions, and the large numbers of subjects enabled more precise estimation of risks at high exposure levels. For the 3203 children with leukaemia and 10 338 control children with estimated residential magnetic field exposures levels < 0.4 microT, we observed risk estimates near the no effect level, while for the 44 children with leukaemia and 62 control children with estimated residential magnetic field exposures >/= 0.4 microT the estimated summary relative risk was 2.00 (1.27-3.13), P value = 0.002). Adjustment for potential confounding variables did not appreciably change the results. For North American subjects whose residences were in the highest wire code category, the estimated summary relative risk was 1.24 (0.82-1.87). Thus, we found no evidence in the combined data for the existence of the so-called wire-code paradox. In summary, the 99.2% of children residing in homes with exposure levels < 0.4 microT had estimates compatible with no increased risk, while the 0.8% of children with exposures >/= 0.4 microT had a relative risk estimate of approximately 2, which is unlikely to be due to random variability. The explanation for the elevated risk is unknown, but selection bias may have accounted for some of the increase. |
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Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden |
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ISSN |
0007-0920 |
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Area |
WP2 Exposure measurements & WP9 Epidemiology |
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Notes |
PMID:10944614 |
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no |
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Call Number |
CBM.UAM @ ccobaleda @ |
Serial |
55 |
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Author |
Greenland, S.; Sheppard, A.R.; Kaune, W.T.; Poole, C.; Kelsh, M.A. |
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Title |
A pooled analysis of magnetic fields, wire codes, and childhood leukemia. Childhood Leukemia-EMF Study Group |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Epidemiology |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
624-634 |
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Keywords |
Child; *Electric Wiring; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects; Humans; Leukemia/*etiology |
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Abstract |
We obtained original individual data from 15 studies of magnetic fields or wire codes and childhood leukemia, and we estimated magnetic field exposure for subjects with sufficient data to do so. Summary estimates from 12 studies that supplied magnetic field measures exhibited little or no association of magnetic fields with leukemia when comparing 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 microtesla (microT) categories with the 0-0.1 microT category, but the Mantel-Haenszel summary odds ratio comparing >0.3 microT to 0-0.1 microT was 1.7 (95% confidence limits = 1.2, 2.3). Similar results were obtained using covariate adjustment and spline regression. The study-specific relations appeared consistent despite the numerous methodologic differences among the studies. The association of wire codes with leukemia varied considerably across studies, with odds ratio estimates for very high current vs low current configurations ranging from 0.7 to 3.0 (homogeneity P = 0.005). Based on a survey of household magnetic fields, an estimate of the U.S. population attributable fraction of childhood leukemia associated with residential exposure is 3% (95% confidence limits = -2%, 8%). Our results contradict the idea that the magnetic field association with leukemia is less consistent than the wire code association with leukemia, although analysis of the four studies with both measures indicates that the wire code association is not explained by measured fields. The results also suggest that appreciable magnetic field effects, if any, may be concentrated among relatively high and uncommon exposures, and that studies of highly exposed populations would be needed to clarify the relation of magnetic fields to childhood leukemia. |
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Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
1044-3983 |
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WP2 Exposure measurements & WP9 Epidemiology |
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Notes |
PMID:11055621 |
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no |
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Call Number |
CBM.UAM @ ccobaleda @ |
Serial |
56 |
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Author |
Maslanyj, M.; Lightfoot, T.; Schuz, J.; Sienkiewicz, Z.; McKinlay, A. |
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Title |
A precautionary public health protection strategy for the possible risk of childhood leukaemia from exposure to power frequency magnetic fields |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
BMC Public Health |
Abbreviated Journal |
BMC Public Health |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
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Pages |
673 |
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Keywords |
Adolescent; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Humans; Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/*epidemiology/prevention & control; Odds Ratio; *Public Health; Radio Waves/adverse effects; Risk Assessment/methods; Risk Factors |
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Abstract |
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence showing a consistent association between the risk of childhood leukaemia and exposure to power frequency magnetic fields has been accumulating. This debate considers the additional precautionary intervention needed to manage this risk, when it exceeds the protection afforded by the exposure guidelines as recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. METHODS: The Bradford-Hill Criteria are guidelines for evaluating the scientific evidence that low frequency magnetic fields cause childhood leukaemia. The criteria are used for assessing the strength of scientific evidence and here have been applied to considering the strength of evidence that exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic fields may increase the risk of childhood leukaemia. The applicability of precaution is considered using the risk management framework outlined in a European Commission (EC) communication on the Precautionary Principle. That communication advises that measures should be proportionate, non-discriminatory, consistent with similar measures already taken, based on an examination of the benefits and costs of action and inaction, and subject to review in the light of new scientific findings. RESULTS: The main evidence for a risk is an epidemiological association observed in several studies and meta-analyses; however, the number of highly exposed children is small and the association could be due to a combination of selection bias, confounding and chance. Corroborating experimental evidence is limited insofar as there is no clear indication of harm at the field levels implicated; however, the aetiology of childhood leukaemia is poorly understood. Taking a precautionary approach suggests that low-cost intervention to reduce exposure is appropriate. This assumes that if the risk is real, its impact is likely to be small. It also recognises the consequential cost of any major intervention. The recommendation is controversial in that other interpretations of the data are possible, and low-cost intervention may not fully alleviate the risk. CONCLUSIONS: The debate shows how the EC risk management framework can be used to apply the Precautionary Principle to small and uncertain public health risks. However, despite the need for evidence-based policy making, many of the decisions remain value driven and therefore subjective. |
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Health Protection Agency, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX110RQ, UK. myron.maslanyj@hpa.org.uk |
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ISSN |
1471-2458 |
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WP9 Epidemiology |
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Notes |
PMID:21054823 |
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no |
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Call Number |
IARC @ ErdmannF @ |
Serial |
93 |
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Author |
Cobaleda, C.; Gutierrez-Cianca, N.; Perez-Losada, J.; Flores, T.; Garcia-Sanz, R.; Gonzalez, M.; Sanchez-Garcia, I. |
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Title |
A primitive hematopoietic cell is the target for the leukemic transformation in human philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Blood |
Abbreviated Journal |
Blood |
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Volume |
95 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1007-1013 |
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Keywords |
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; Animals; Antigens, CD/analysis; Antigens, CD34/analysis; Antigens, CD38; Antigens, Differentiation/analysis; Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*pathology; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/classification/*pathology; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, SCID; NAD+ Nucleosidase/analysis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplastic Stem Cells/classification/*pathology/transplantation; Philadelphia Chromosome; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/*pathology |
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Abstract |
BCR-ABL is a chimeric oncogene generated by translocation of sequences from the chromosomal counterpart (c-ABL gene) on chromosome 9 into the BCR gene on chromosome 22. Alternative chimeric proteins, BCR-ABL(p190) and BCR-ABL(p210), are produced that are characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(1)-ALL). In CML, the transformation occurs at the level of pluripotent stem cells. However, Ph(1)-ALL is thought to affect progenitor cells with lymphoid differentiation. Here we demonstrate that the cell capable of initiating human Ph(1)-ALL in non-obese diabetic mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (NOD/SCID), termed SCID leukemia-initiating cell (SL-IC), possesses the differentiative and proliferative capacities and the potential for self-renewal expected of a leukemic stem cell. The SL-ICs from all Ph(1)-ALL analyzed, regardless of the heterogeneity in maturation characteristics of the leukemic blasts, were exclusively CD34(+ )CD38(-), which is similar to the cell-surface phenotype of normal SCID-repopulating cells. This indicates that normal primitive cells, rather than committed progenitor cells, are the target for leukemic transformation in Ph(1)-ALL. |
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Address |
Departamento de Proliferacion y Diferenciacion Celular, Instituto de Microbiologia Bioquimica, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain |
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ISSN |
0006-4971 |
ISBN |
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Area |
WP6 In vivo |
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Notes |
PMID:10648416 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
CBM.UAM @ ccobaleda @ |
Serial |
34 |
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