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Author |
McCann, J. |
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Title |
Cancer risk assessment of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: a critical review of methodology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Environmental Health Perspectives |
Abbreviated Journal |
Environ Health Perspect |
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Volume |
106 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
701-717 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Humans; Neoplasms/*etiology; Risk Assessment/methods/*standards |
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Abstract |
This review provides a discussion of cancer risk assessment methodology pertinent to developing a strategy for extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Approaches taken for chemical agents or ionizing radiation in six key topic areas are briefly reviewed, and then those areas are examined from the perspective of EMF, identifying issues to be addressed in developing a risk assessment strategy. The following recommendations are offered: 1) risk assessment should be viewed as an iterative process that informs an overall judgment as to health risk and consists of a complex of related activities incorporating both positive and negative data, tumor and nontumor end points, and human and nonhuman sources of information; 2) a hazard identification resulting in a conclusion of weak or null effects, such as may be associated with EMF, will need to assign significant weight to animal cancer bioassays conducted under defined exposure conditions as well as to human epidemiologic studies; 3) a default factor to account for possible age differences in sensitivity to carcinogenesis should be included in an EMF risk assessment; 4) lack of evidence of dose response and the apparent lack of DNA reactivity of EMF suggest that a safety (or uncertainty) factor or margin of exposure type of risk characterization may be most appropriate; and 5) an EMF risk assessment should permit at least tentative conclusions to be reached as to the limits of carcinogenic risk from exposure to EMF, and should also define an efficient research agenda aimed at clarifying uncertainties appropriate to a more complete assessment. |
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Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0091-6765 |
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PMID:9799185 |
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Call Number |
IT'IS @ evaj @ |
Serial |
352 |
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Author |
McCormick, D.L.; Ryan, B.M.; Findlay, J.C.; Gauger, J.R.; Johnson, T.R.; Morrissey, R.L.; Boorman, G.A. |
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Title |
Exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields and risk of lymphoma in PIM transgenic and TSG-p53 (p53 knockout) mice |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Carcinogenesis |
Abbreviated Journal |
Carcinogenesis |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1649-1653 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Body Weight; *Electromagnetic Fields; Female; Genes, p53/*physiology; Lymphoma/*etiology; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred CBA; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1; Risk |
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Abstract |
The results of a number of epidemiology studies suggest that exposure to power frequency (50 and 60 Hz) magnetic fields may be a risk factor for hematopoietic neoplasia. To generate experimental data to test this hypothesis, the influence of magnetic field exposure on lymphoma induction was determined in two strains of mice that are genetically predisposed to the disease. PIM mice, which carry the pim-1 oncogene, are highly sensitive to lymphoma induction by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU); ENU-treated PIM mice were studied as a 'high incidence' lymphoma model. TSG-p53 (p53 knockout) mice, in which the p53 tumor suppressor gene has been deleted from the germ line, develop lymphoma as an age-related change; hemizygous TSG-p53 mice were studied as a 'low incidence' lymphoma model. Beginning 1 day after a single i.p. injection of 25 mg ENU/kg body wt, groups of 30 PIM mice/sex were exposed for 18.5 h/day to pure, linearly polarized, transient-free 60 Hz magnetic fields at field strengths of 0 (sham control), 0.02, 2.0 or 10.0 Gauss (G). An additional group of 30 PIM mice/sex was exposed intermittently (1 h on, 1 h off) to 10.0 G fields. Groups of 30 TSG-p53 mice/sex were exposed continuously to magnetic field strengths of 0 (sham control) or 10.0 G; TSG-p53 mice received no ENU. Studies were terminated after 23 weeks of magnetic field exposure. Lymphoma incidence in male PIM mice exposed continuously to 10.0 G magnetic fields was significantly reduced from that seen in sex-matched sham controls; survival, lymphoma incidence and lymphoma latency in other groups of PIM mice did not differ from sham controls. Survival and lymphoma incidence in all groups of TSG-p53 mice was 7% or less, regardless of magnetic field exposure regimen. These data do not support the hypothesis that exposure to magnetic fields is a significant risk factor for lymphoid neoplasia in mice with a genetic predisposition to the disease. |
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Life Sciences Department, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60616, USA. dmccormick@iitri.com |
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ISSN |
0143-3334 |
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WP6 In vivo |
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Notes |
PMID:9771937 |
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Call Number |
ITEM @ geertje.lewin @ |
Serial |
132 |
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Author |
McCann, J.; Dietrich, F.; Rafferty, C. |
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Title |
The genotoxic potential of electric and magnetic fields: an update |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Mutation Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mutat Res |
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Volume |
411 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
45-86 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chromosomes/genetics/radiation effects; DNA Repair; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Gamma Rays/adverse effects; Humans; Lymphocytes/radiation effects; Micronucleus Tests; Mutagenicity Tests/*trends; Mutagens/*toxicity; Salmonella/genetics; Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects; X-Rays/adverse effects |
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Abstract |
We review 23 studies on the potential genotoxicity of electric and magnetic fields that have appeared in the published literature since our 1993 review of 55 published studies (McCann et al., Mutat. Res. 297 (1993) 61-95) and six additional studies published prior to 1993, which were not previously reviewed. As in our previous review, internal electric fields present in media (for in vitro experiments) and in the torso (for in vivo experiments) were estimated. Individual experiments are evaluated using basic data quality criteria. The potential for genotoxicity of electric and magnetic fields is discussed in light of the significant body of genotoxicity data that now exists. Three unsuccessful attempts to replicate previously reported positive results have appeared since our previous review. We conclude that, in spite of the 34 studies reviewed in this and our previous publication that report positive genotoxic effects, none satisfy all of three basic conditions: independent reproducibility, consistency with the scientific knowledge base, and completeness according to basic data quality criteria. As we discuss, these criteria are satisfied for several groups of negative studies in several exposure categories (ELF magnetic fields, 150 microT-5 mT, combined ELF electric and ELF magnetic fields, approx. 0.2 mT, 240 mV/m, and static magnetic fields, 1-3.7 T). The evidence reviewed here strengthens the conclusion of our previous review, that the preponderance of evidence suggests that ELF electric or magnetic fields do not have genotoxic potential. Nevertheless, a pool of positive results remains, which have not yet been tested by independent replication. Among the 12 studies reviewed here, which report statistically significant or suggestive positive results, we point particularly to results from five laboratories [J. Miyakoshi, N. Yamagishi, S. Ohtsu, K. Mohri, H. Takebe, Increase in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene mutations by exposure to high-density 50-Hz magnetic fields, Mutat. Res. 349 (1996) 109-114; J. Miyakoshi, K. Kitagawa, H. Takebe, Mutation induction by high-density, 50-Hz magnetic fields in human MeWo cells exposed in the DNA synthesis phase, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 71 (1997) 75-79; H. Lai. N.P. Singh, Acute exposure to a 60-Hz magnetic field increases DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells, Bioelectromagnetics, 18 (1997) 156-165; H. Lai, N.P. Singh, Melatonin and N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone block 60-Hz magnetic field-induced DNA single and double strand breaks in rat brain cells, J. Pineal Res. 22 (1997) 152-162; T. Koana, M. Ikehata, M. Nakagawa, Estimation of genetic effects of a static magnetic field by a somatic cell test using mutagen-sensitive mutants of Drosophila melanogaster, Bioelectrochem. Bioenergetics 36 (1995) 95-100; F.L. Tabrah, H.F. Mower, S. Batkin, P.B. Greenwood, Enhanced mutagenic effect of a 60-Hz time-varying magnetic field on numbers of azide-induced TA100 revertant colonies, Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994) 85-93; S. Tofani, A. Ferrara, L. Anglesio, G. Gilli, Evidence for genotoxic effects of resonant ELF magnetic fields, Bioelectrochem. Bioenergetics, 36 (1995) 9-13], which satisfy most basic data quality criteria and may be of interest. |
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Research Consultant, 5537 East Highway 89, Kanab, UT 84741, USA. jmccann@xpressweb.com |
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0027-5107 |
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PMID:9675241 |
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IT'IS @ evaj @ |
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353 |
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Author |
Haseman, J.K.; Hailey, J.R.; Morris, R.W. |
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Title |
Spontaneous neoplasm incidences in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice in two-year carcinogenicity studies: a National Toxicology Program update |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Toxicologic Pathology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Toxicol Pathol |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
428-441 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Body Weight; Female; Male; Mice; *Mice, Inbred Strains; Neoplasms/*epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; Rats; *Rats, Inbred F344; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/pathology; Survival Rate |
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Spontaneous neoplasm rates were determined for control Fischer 344 (F344) rats and B6C3F1 mice from 2-yr rodent carcinogenicity studies carried out by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). The most frequently occurring neoplasms in untreated male F344 rats were testicular adenoma (89.1%), mononuclear cell leukemia (50.5%), adrenal gland pheochromocytoma (31.9%), and pituitary gland neoplasms (30.4%). For untreated female F344 rats, the most frequently occurring neoplasms were pituitary gland neoplasms (54.2%), mammary gland fibroadenoma (41.2%), and mononuclear cell leukemia (28.1%). The most frequently occurring neoplasms in untreated male B6C3F1 mice were liver adenoma/carcinoma (42.2%), lung adenoma/carcinoma (20.5%), and malignant lymphoma (8.3%). For untreated female B6C3F1 mice, the most frequently occurring neoplasms were liver adenoma/carcinoma (23.6%), malignant lymphoma (20.9%), and pituitary gland adenoma/carcinoma (14.8%). The tumor rates observed in feeding study (untreated) and inhalation study (chamber) control rats were generally similar. The major exceptions were pituitary gland tumors and testicular adenoma in male F344 rats. The overall incidence of testicular adenoma was much lower in chamber controls (69.4%) than in feeding study controls (89.1%), whereas pituitary gland neoplasm showed the opposite trend (60.7% vs 30.4%). The most likely explanation for this difference is related to the individual housing of chamber controls and the group housing of feeding study controls. Differences in diagnostic criteria may influence reported tumor rates. To ensure consistency and comparability of tumor diagnosis from study to study, the NTP uses rigorous histopathology quality assurance and peer review procedures. Biological factors such as body weight may also affect tumor incidence. For example, increased body weights are associated with increased incidences of certain site-specific neoplasms, especially pituitary gland and mammary gland neoplasms in rats and liver tumors in mice. The presence of Helicobacter hepaticus has been associated with an increased incidence of liver neoplasms in male B6C3F1 mice. Other factors that may produce differences in control tumor rates from study to study include diet, environmental factors, genetic drift, study duration, and survival differences. The NTP database provides historical control data that may be useful in the evaluation of possible chemically related changes in tumor incidence. However, it is essential that the study being evaluated be comparable to those in the NTP database with respect to those factors that are known to influence tumor occurrence. |
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Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA |
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0192-6233 |
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WP6 In vivo |
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PMID:9608650 |
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TIHO @ Maren.Fedrowitz @ |
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123 |
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Author |
Lacy-Hulbert, A.; Metcalfe, J.C.; Hesketh, R. |
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Title |
Biological responses to electromagnetic fields |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
The FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
FASEB J |
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12 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
395-420 |
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Keywords |
Adult; Animals; Child; Developed Countries; Electromagnetic Fields/*adverse effects; Humans; Mutation; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/*epidemiology/genetics/pathology; Risk Factors |
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Abstract |
Electrification in developed countries has progressively increased the mean level of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) to which populations are exposed; these humanmade fields are substantially above the naturally occurring ambient electric and magnetic fields of approximately 10(-4) Vm(-1) and approximately 10(-13) T, respectively. Several epidemiological studies have concluded that ELF-EMFs may be linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly childhood leukemia. These observations have been reinforced by cellular studies reporting EMF-induced effects on biological systems, most notably on the activity of components of the pathways that regulate cell proliferation. However, the limited number of attempts to directly replicate these experimental findings have been almost uniformly unsuccessful, and no EMF-induced biological response has yet been replicated in independent laboratories. Many of the most well-defined effects have come from gene expression studies; several attempts have been made recently to repeat these key findings. This review analyses these studies and summarizes other reports of major cellular responses to EMFs and the published attempts at replication. The opening sections discuss quantitative aspects of exposure to EMFs and the incidence of cancers that have been correlated with such fields. The concluding section considers the problems that confront research in this area and suggests feasible strategies. |
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Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, England. a.lacy-hulbert@ucl.ac.uk |
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0892-6638 |
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WP6 In vivo |
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PMID:9535213 |
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ITEM @ geertje.lewin @ |
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105 |
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