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Huang, C. -ying, Chuang, C. -yu, Shu, W. -yi, Chang, C. -wei, Chen, C. -ray, Fan, T. -ching, et al. (2014). Distinct Epidermal Keratinocytes Respond to Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Differently. PloS ONE, 9(11), 1–7.
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Brisdelli, F., Bennato, F., Bozzi, A., Cinque, B., Mancini, F., & Iorio, R. (2014). ELF-MF attenuates quercetin-induced apoptosis in K562 cells through modulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, pp. 33–43.
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of sinusoidal ELF-MF (1 mT; 50 Hz) on the apoptosis induced by four different compounds, namely vinblastine, etoposide, quercetin, and resveratrol, in human K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells. The exposure to ELF-MF did not affect growth and viability of untreated K562 cells and did not influence the anti-proliferative effects of resveratrol, vinblastine, and etoposide. On the contrary, in quercetin-treated cells, exposure to ELF-MF significantly reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells and the caspase-3 activity and modified the cell cycle profile especially after 48 h of exposure. In addition, the simultaneous treatments for 24 h with quercetin plus ELF-MF increased Bcl-2 protein expression and prevented quercetin-induced downregulation of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. Finally, an increase of HSP70 expression was also observed after prolonged ELF-MF treatment. The ELF-MF-dependent modulation of the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family and Hsp70 proteins could act as a pro-survival mechanism in K562 cells.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Bcl-2; Elf-Mf; K562 cells; Quercetin
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Slusky, D. A., Does, M., Metayer, C., Mezei, G., Selvin, S., & Buffler, P. A. (2014). Potential role of selection bias in the association between childhood leukemia and residential magnetic fields exposure: a population-based assessment. Cancer Epidemiol, 38(3), 307–313.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Data from the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS) were used to assess whether selection bias may explain the association between residential magnetic fields (assessed by wire codes) and childhood leukemia as previously observed in case-control studies. METHODS: Wiring codes were calculated for participating cases, n=310; and non-participating cases, n=66; as well as for three control groups: first-choice participating, n=174; first-choice non-participating, n=252; and replacement (non-first choice participating controls), n=220. RESULTS: Participating controls tended to be of higher socioeconomic status than non-participating controls, and lower socioeconomic status was related to higher wire-codes. The odds ratio (OR) for developing childhood leukemia associated with high wire-codes was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.64) when all cases were compared to all first-choice controls (participating and non-participating). The OR for developing childhood leukemia in the high current category was 1.43 (95% CI: 0.91, 2.26) when participating cases were compared to first-choice participating controls, but no associations were observed when participating cases were compared to non-participating controls (OR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.57) or to replacement controls (OR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.60). CONCLUSIONS: The observed risk estimates vary by type of control group, and no statistically significant association between wire codes and childhood leukemia is observed in the California population participating in the NCCLS.
Keywords: Leukemia; Magnetic fields; Selection bias
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Pedersen, C., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Rod, N. H., Frei, P., Poulsen, A. H., Johansen, C., et al. (2014). Distance from residence to power line and risk of childhood leukemia: a population-based case-control study in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control, 25(2), 171–177.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Epidemiological studies have found an association between exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and childhood leukemia. In 2005, a large British study showed an association between proximity of residence to high-voltage power lines and the risk of childhood leukemia. The association extended beyond distances at which the 'power line'-induced magnetic fields exceed background levels, suggesting that the association was not explained by the magnetic field, but might be due to chance, bias, or other risk factors associated with proximity to power lines. Our aim was to conduct a comparable study in an independent setting (Denmark). METHODS: We included 1,698 cases aged <15, diagnosed with leukemia during 1968-2006, from the Danish Cancer Registry and 3,396 controls randomly selected from the Danish childhood population and individually matched by gender and year of birth. We used geographical information systems to determine the distance between residence at birth and the nearest 132-400 kV overhead power line. RESULTS: Odds ratios (ORs) were 0.76 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.40-1.45] for children who lived 0-199 m from the nearest power line and 0.92 (95 % CI 0.67-1.25) for those who lived 200-599 m away when compared with children who lived >/=600 m away. When restricting the analysis to 220 and 400 kV overhead power lines, the OR for children who lived 200-599 m from a power line was 1.76 (95 % CI 0.82-3.77) compared to children who lived >/=600 m away. However, chance is a likely explanation for this finding as the result was not significant, numbers were small, and there were no indications of an higher risk closer to the lines since no cases were observed within 200 m of these. CONCLUSIONS: We found no higher risk of leukemia for children living 0-199 m or for children living 200-599 m of a 132-400 kV overhead power line. A slightly elevated OR for children living between 200 and 599 m of a 220-400 kV overhead power line is likely to be a chance finding.
Keywords: Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Denmark/epidemiology; *Electromagnetic Fields; Environmental Exposure/*analysis; Female; Humans; Leukemia/*epidemiology/etiology; Male; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors
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Pedersen, C., Brauner, E. V., Rod, N. H., Albieri, V., Andersen, C. E., Ulbak, K., et al. (2014). Distance to high-voltage power lines and risk of childhood leukemia--an analysis of confounding by and interaction with other potential risk factors. PLoS One, 9(9), e107096.
Abstract: We investigated whether there is an interaction between distance from residence at birth to nearest power line and domestic radon and traffic-related air pollution, respectively, in relation to childhood leukemia risk. Further, we investigated whether adjusting for potential confounders alters the association between distance to nearest power line and childhood leukemia. We included 1024 cases aged <15, diagnosed with leukemia during 1968-1991, from the Danish Cancer Registry and 2048 controls randomly selected from the Danish childhood population and individually matched by gender and year of birth. We used geographical information systems to determine the distance between residence at birth and the nearest 132-400 kV overhead power line. Concentrations of domestic radon and traffic-related air pollution (NOx at the front door) were estimated using validated models. We found a statistically significant interaction between distance to nearest power line and domestic radon regarding risk of childhood leukemia (p = 0.01) when using the median radon level as cut-off point but not when using the 75th percentile (p = 0.90). We found no evidence of an interaction between distance to nearest power line and traffic-related air pollution (p = 0.73). We found almost no change in the estimated association between distance to power line and risk of childhood leukemia when adjusting for socioeconomic status of the municipality, urbanization, maternal age, birth order, domestic radon and traffic-related air pollution. The statistically significant interaction between distance to nearest power line and domestic radon was based on few exposed cases and controls and sensitive to the choice of exposure categorization and might, therefore, be due to chance.
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