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Brix, J., Wettemann, H., Scheel, O., Feiner, F., & Matthes, R. (2001). Measurement of the individual exposure to 50 and 16 2/3 Hz magnetic fields within the Bavarian population. Bioelectromagnetics, 22(5), 323–332.
Abstract: This study investigates the individual magnetic field exposures at 16 2/3 and 50 Hz of 1952 people, selected from the Bavarian population. Personal flux density meters (“Field Watcher FW2A”) were worn by the participants for 24 h. Every second, the flux density was recorded for both frequencies and for the three spatial axes (dynamic range per axis: several nT up to 100 microT at 50 Hz, 150 microT at 16 2/3 Hz). For 50 Hz fields, the mean of the 1,952 individual means was 0.101 microT and that of the individual medians was 0.047 microT. High level exposures occurred mainly during working hours. Only 2.4% of the subjects showed individual medians higher than 0.2 microT. About 53% of all volunteers were working on the day of recording. Levels for craftsmen (n = 148; mean individual mean: 0.166 microT) were generally higher than those for office workers (n = 624; mean individual mean: 0.107 microT). Flux densities exceeding 100 microT at 50 Hz were measured in 31 persons. The total time with such extreme exposures amounts to nearly 21 min, less than 0.001% of the total time for all measurements (5.3 years). To our knowledge, this is the first exposure study where 16 2/3 Hz magnetic fields (caused by electrified railways) have additionally been monitored over 24 h. For persons living next to railway lines, the mean individual mean (0.156 microT) and mean individual median (0.102 microT) were calculated. Over all, the mean exposures are only 0.1% of the magnetic flux density limit for 50 Hz (100 microT) and about 0.05% of the limit (300 microT) for 16 2/3 Hz recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Environmental Exposure; Female; Germany; Housing; Humans; *Magnetics/*adverse effects; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Time Factors
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Buffler, P., Kwan, M., Reynolds, P., & Urayama, K. (2005). Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors for Childhood Leukemia: Appraising the Evidence. LCNV, 23(1), 60–75.
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Bunch, K. J., Keegan, T. J., Swanson, J., Vincent, T. J., & Murphy, M. F. G. (2014). Residential distance at birth from overhead high-voltage powerlines: childhood cancer risk in Britain 1962-2008. Br J Cancer, 110(5), 1402–1408.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: We extend our previous study of childhood leukaemia and proximity to high-voltage powerlines by including more recent data and cases and controls from Scotland, by considering 132-kV powerlines as well as 275 and 400 kV and by looking at greater distances from the powerlines. METHODS: Case-control study using 53,515 children from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours 1962-2008, matched controls, and calculated distances of mother's address at child's birth to powerlines at 132, 275, and 400 kV in England, Wales and Scotland. RESULTS: Our previous finding of an excess risk for leukaemia at distances out to 600 m declines over time. Relative risk and 95% confidence interval for leukaemia, 0-199 m compared with>1000 m, all voltages: 1960s 4.50 (0.97-20.83), 2000s 0.71 (0.49-1.03), aggregate over whole period 1.12 (0.90-1.38). Increased risk, albeit less strong, may also be present for 132-kV lines. Increased risk does not extend beyond 600 m for lines of any voltage. CONCLUSIONS: A risk declining over time is unlikely to arise from any physical effect of the powerlines and is more likely to be the result of changing population characteristics among those living near powerlines.
Keywords: Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; *Electromagnetic Fields; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*statistics & numerical data; Female; Great Britain/epidemiology; Humans; Leukemia/*epidemiology/etiology; Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology; Risk
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Calvente, I., Davila-Arias, C., Ocon-Hernandez, O., Perez-Lobato, R., Ramos, R., Artacho-Cordon, F., et al. (2014). Characterization of indoor extremely low frequency and low frequency electromagnetic fields in the INMA-Granada cohort. PLoS One, 9(9), e106666.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the exposure to electric fields and magnetic fields of non-ionizing radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum (15 Hz to 100 kHz) in the dwellings of children from the Spanish Environment and Childhood-“INMA” population-based birth cohort. METHODOLOGY: The study sample was drawn from the INMA-Granada cohort. Out of 300 boys participating in the 9-10 year follow-up, 123 families agreed to the exposure assessment at home and completed a specific ad hoc questionnaire gathering information on sources of non-ionizing radiation electric and magnetic fields inside the homes and on patterns of use. Long-term indoor measurements were carried out in the living room and bedroom. RESULTS: Survey data showed a low exposure in the children's homes according to reference levels of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection but with large differences among homes in mean and maximum values. Daytime electrostatic and magnetic fields were below the quantification limit in 78.6% (92 dwellings) and 92.3% (108 dwellings) of houses, with an arithmetic mean value (+/- standard deviation) of 7.31+/-9.32 V/m and 162.30+/-91.16 nT, respectively. Mean magnetic field values were 1.6 lower during the night than the day. Nocturnal electrostatic values were not measured. Exposure levels were influenced by the area of residence (higher values in urban/semi-urban versus rural areas), type of dwelling, age of dwelling, floor of the dwelling, and season. CONCLUSION: Given the greater sensitivity to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields of children and following the precautionary principle, preventive measures are warranted to reduce their exposure.
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Cameron, I. L., Short, N. J., & Markov, M. S. (2007). Safe alternative cancer therapy using electromagnetic fields. Environmentalist, 27(4), 453–456.
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