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Juutilainen, J., Hoyto, A., Kumlin, T., & Naarala, J. (2011). Review of possible modulation-dependent biological effects of radiofrequency fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 32(7), 511–534.
Abstract: The biological effects of modulated radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields have been a subject of debate since early publications more than 30 years ago, suggesting that relatively weak amplitude-modulated RF electromagnetic fields have specific biological effects different from the well-known thermal effects of RF energy. This discussion has been recently activated by the increasing human exposure to RF fields from wireless communication systems. Modulation is used in all wireless communication systems to enable the signal to carry information. A previous review in 1998 indicated that experimental evidence for modulation-specific effects of RF energy is weak. This article reviews recent studies (published after 1998) on the biological effects of modulated RF fields. The focus is on studies that have compared the effects of modulated and unmodulated (continuous wave) RF fields, or compared the effects of different kinds of modulations; studies that used only one type of signal are not included. While the majority of recent studies have reported no modulation-specific effects, there are a few interesting exceptions indicating that there may be specific effects from amplitude-modulated RF fields on the human central nervous system. These findings warrant follow-up studies.
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Sarimov, R., Alipov, E. D., & Belyaev, I. Y. (2011). Fifty hertz magnetic fields individually affect chromatin conformation in human lymphocytes: dependence on amplitude, temperature, and initial chromatin state. Bioelectromagnetics, 32(7), 570–579.
Abstract: Effects of magnetic field (MF) at 50 Hz on chromatin conformation were studied by the method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) in human lymphocytes from two healthy donors. MF within the peak amplitude range of 5-20 microT affected chromatin conformation. These MF effects differed significantly between studied donors, and depended on magnetic flux density and initial condensation of chromatin. While the initial state of chromatin was rather stable in one donor during one calendar year of measurements, the initial condensation varied significantly in cells from another donor. Both this variation and the MF effect depended on temperature during exposure. Despite these variations, the general rule was that MF condensed the relaxed chromatin and relaxed the condensed chromatin. Thus, in this study we show that individual effects of 50 Hz MF exposure at peak amplitudes within the range of 5-20 microT may be observed in human lymphocytes in dependence on the initial state of chromatin and temperature.
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Kheifets, L., Swanson, J., & Greenland, S. (2006). Childhood leukemia, electric and magnetic fields, and temporal trends. Bioelectromagnetics, 27(7), 545–552.
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Juutilainen, J. (2005). Developmental effects of electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics, Suppl 7, S107–15.
Abstract: This paper reviews experimental studies on the effects of radiofrequency (RF), extremely low frequency (ELF), and intermediate frequency (IF) electromagnetic fields on animal development. Numerous studies have shown that RF fields are teratogenic at exposure levels sufficiently high to cause significant increase of temperature. There is no consistent evidence of RF field effects at nonthermal exposure levels. Only a few studies have evaluated possible effects on postnatal development using sensitive endpoints, such as behavioral effects. ELF electric fields up to 150 kV/m have been evaluated in several mammalian species. The results are rather consistent and do not suggest adverse developmental effects. The results of studies on ELF magnetic fields suggest effects on bird embryo development, but not consistently in all studies. Results from experiments with other non-mammalian experimental models have also suggested subtle effects on developmental stability. In mammals, most studies have shown no effects of prenatal exposure to ELF or IF magnetic on gross external, visceral, or skeletal malformations. The only finding that shows some consistency is increase of minor skeleton alterations in several experiments. Taken as a whole, the results do not show robust adverse effects of ELF and IF fields on development. However, additional studies on the suggested subtle effects on developmental stability might increase our understanding of the sensitivity of biological organisms to weak low-frequency magnetic fields.
Keywords: Aging/*physiology/*radiation effects; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology/*radiation effects; *Electromagnetic Fields; Female; Growth/*radiation effects; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/*physiopathology; Radiation Dosage
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Otaka, Y., Chida, T., Yamagishi, Y., & Kitamura, S. (2002). Carcinogenicity test in B6C3F1 mice after parental and prenatal exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 23(3), 206–213.
Abstract: Some epidemiological studies suggest association of childhood cancer with occupational exposure of the parents to magnetic fields. To test this relationship, 50 each of C57BL/6J female and C3H/HeJ male mice were exposed for 2 and 9 weeks, respectively, to 50 Hz sham (group A), 0.5 (group B), and 5 mT (group C) sinusoidal alternating magnetic fields. They were mated under the exposure for up to 2 weeks, and the exposure was continued until parturition. All the B6C3F1 offspring, without adjusting numbers of animals, were clinically observed without exposure to magnetic field for a nominal 78 weeks from 6-8 weeks of age after weaning and then euthanized for pathological examination according to a routine carcinogenicity test. 540 pups entered the test, and the survival rate was 96.7%. No F1 mouse died of tumoral diseases before a male in A group died of stomach cancer at 43 weeks of age. The first animal death in the exposed groups due to tumor occurred at 71 weeks of age. Eighteen animals died before necropsy at 84-86 weeks of age. No significant difference was detected in the final number of survivors and incidence of tumors between groups A and B, or A and C. Concerning reproduction total implants in group B were less than in group A and the difference was on the borderline of significance (P=.05). This difference was not reproduced in a later duplicate experiment.
Keywords: Animals; Body Weight; Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects; Female; Magnetics/*adverse effects; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Animal; Neoplasms, Experimental/*etiology; Pregnancy; *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Time Factors
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